Capital markets facilitate the buying and selling of financial securities, including stocks, bonds, derivatives, and commodities. They serve as a platform for companies and governments to raise long-term capital for investment in projects, expansion, and operations.

Investors Individuals, institutions, and funds that invest capital in securities with the expectation of earning a return. Issuers Companies, governments, and other entities that issue securities to raise funds, such as stocks (equity) and bonds (debt).

Ownership stakes in companies, represented by stocks or shares, which entitle investors to dividends and voting rights.Loans provided to issuers in exchange for interest payments and eventual repayment of principal, including bonds, Treasury bills, and corporate bonds.