Thermal energy refers to the internal energy of a system associated with its temperature. It is a form of kinetic energy that arises from the movement of atoms and molecules within a substance. Understanding and managing thermal processes are crucial in various industries, such as power generation and manufacturing, where efficient heat transfer and control are essential. Thermal phenomena play a key role in the design of technologies like engines, refrigeration systems, and electronic devices. The study of thermal dynamics involves principles like heat transfer, thermodynamics, and thermal conductivity, contributing to advancements in energy efficiency and sustainable technologies.